In
1991, the Indian government pledged the nation’s gold reserves against
foreign loans that were provided to the nation from international
sources. So they have already trodden the path of using gold to support
their international presence and in international dealings.
The
Indian Rupee exchange rate continues to decline, and far faster than
other currencies. Over the last couple of years the Indian Rupee has
fallen from Rs.42 to the dollar to the current rate of over Rs.63 to the
dollar. While this reflects, in part, the withdrawal of ‘hot money’
(carry trade investments taking advantage of interest rate differentials
between the dollar and the rupee) from the country, it also reflects
the waning confidence in the Indian economy –although it continues to
grow at over 5%—and its currency. The Balance of Payments continues to
worsen.
This
has precipitated the imposition of Capital Controls on just Indians,
for the moment, but if the situation continues to decay, then we expect
these to widen to capture foreign investments within the country and to
prevent their exit. India is in crisis!
The
Indian gov’t is fully aware that their options are limited, but they
have to do something and soon. The use of privately held gold is an
option and one, we believe, for which they are preparing.
Please
note that there are around 20,000 tonnes of gold in private hands in
India, worth currently, US$ 900,200,000,000 at $1,400. Some believe the tonnage to be closer to 25,000 tonnes. If so, this is worth $1,125,250,000,000 at $1,400.
If
the Indian government took this gold out of Indian hands into
government coffers, confidence may well return to the Rupee, provided
the gold were used to support the Rupee, as collateral. Is this likely?
It depends on just how bad the crisis becomes. But those who believe
talk of confiscation is scaremongering, would do well to look at what’s
happening there right now.
The “Save Gold Campaign”
There
is a campaign in India, cynically called, “The Save Gold Campaign”, or
“Swarna Bachao Abhiyan,” which targets the enormous amount of gold
there. This gold is held by ordinary individuals, high net worth
individuals, charitable trusts and even temple trusts and banks.
An
announcement in this regard was made at the India International Gold
Convention currently on in Jaipur in India. An important gold
organization called ‘The All India Gems and Jewelry Trade Federation”
–which is behind the call to stop selling gold through their branches in
response to government requests—held a meeting recently on the subject,
in the light of the widening current account deficit.
Vinod
Hayagriv, the ex-chairman of the All India Gems and Jewelry Trade
Federation said India's Reserve Bank of India, is to frame and regulate
the national gold deposit scheme, where eligible jewelers can mobilize
gold through eligible banks. The stated objective is to bring this huge
amount of gold to the ‘market’. In a joint industry/government move the
Federation intends to interact with the finance ministry to discuss new
guidelines.
Gold
owners will be ‘encouraged to bring their gold to authorized jewelers.
The jeweler would then check the authenticity of bullion or coins and
issue a certificate and seal the gold, handing it back to the consumer.
In the case of jewelry, it would be melted down in the presence of the
consumer before the certificate is issued. The consumer would then have
to take the sealed gold and authenticity certificate to the bank, which
would issue a deposit certificate for a valid period, ranging from one
and a half to three years. Thereafter, the depositor would get the gold
back with interest, as promised by the bank.
There
is also talk of lending the gold to a non-banking financial company
(NBFC) set up for the purpose. The NBFC would allow investors to
withdraw the gold before the maturity period, and would lend the gold to
jewelers. What is not made clear is why the jewelers would want to
borrow gold, if there business is selling gold. How would they access
the gold with which to repay such depositors?
Already Tried without Success
A
similar scheme was tried in 1999 with the same objective of bringing
privately held stock of gold into circulation and reducing the country’s
reliance on gold imports.
Then,
the Indian gov’t instituted a Gold Deposit Scheme through the State
Bank of India but this met with a weak response, so the scheme was
withdrawn and re-launched with modifications in 2009. Again, it failed
to meet the objectives, with the reason given that the leading public
sector banks in India, which launched the scheme, did not promote it
aggressively, as it was done as a government-induced exercise. It
excluded the jewelry fraternity. This led to the lack of facilities to
melt jewelry, test its purity and convert it into bars which proved a
major hurdle. Banks incurred heavy expenditure to melt and convert the
jewelry into pure gold bars.
The
concept also failed in rural areas, the ‘unbanked’ part of the
population, who were reluctant to part with their gold jewelry. They
were distrustful of the institutional measurement of their gold and the
cost of re-making jewelry once it was to be returned. The religious and
emotional attachment to gold and the distrust of government, its
bureaucracy and its supportive institutions was completely
underestimated. So twice already the scheme has failed.
The
government then made certain amendments to the scheme. Mutual Funds and
Gold Exchange Traded Funds registered with the Securities Exchange
Board of India were asked to deposit part of their gold and make the
scheme more attractive for individuals. Then, although the interest
income from gold deposit scheme would be taxable like any other income,
the gold deposited under the scheme would be exempt from Wealth tax. But
again, it excluded the jewelry fraternity.
So Why is it being Tried Again?
Now
with the support of the [jewelry] Federation and its extensive reach
all over India and understanding of the gold market, retailers and
jewelers will be asked to be a major contributor to the success of the
scheme.
The
Federation has suggested that there should be no questions asked on the
source of gold and that wealth tax should be applicable on the
realization of gold. The Federation has also asked that the quantum of
gold mobilized under the scheme should be reported on a monthly or a
quarterly basis. This, the Federation feels, would work.
· The
government would have to overcome such distrust, a near impossible task
given their poor record to date. The response of the gold owners in
India whether they be institutions or not, should be assessed on their
past responses. The previous two efforts failed. Like those before this
current attempt, the scheme would require a public disclosure of gold
ownership by current owners.
· The second is that government and its bureaucracies would have access to such knowledge.
· But will the gold-owning public trust the Jewelry Federation, knowing the government and banks are behind them?
So
we ask again, “Why is it being tried again?” It becomes apparent that
the Federation is working with government on this, and the government is
becoming desperate to overcome what could be an intractable problem of
international credibility. They have to do something.
Jewelers Cooperating to Stay in Business
Likewise, the Federation has to do something so they can stay in business.
If the government blatantly confiscates privately-owned gold, these
jewelers would lose all, or the bulk, of their business. By cooperating
and working with government they stay in business.
But
we expect that they will, once again, meet with a poor response. If so,
government may well act unilaterally and force the acquisition of gold
through confiscation.
Thereafter,
it would be a very small step for government to step in and use the
gold, so taken, for national purposes and to harness it, to bolster the
international credibility of the Rupee.
But
the success of such an effective confiscation would need the support of
the jewelers and government by providing reasonable payment to gold
owners.
The
concept that they would receive the market-related Rupee gold price
should they wish to withdraw from the scheme is a probability, despite a
promise that the gold would be returned at the end of the agreed
period. But owners have to ask, will they get their gold price back or
will the government or jewelers pay back a market-related Rupee price?
The
possibility/probability that this repayment would be in (failing)
Rupees would be a necessary evil, simply because the gold would have
either been sold or in use by the government. Alternatively would gold
owners be forced to accept an “extension” of the period of their gold
loan?
As
to giving a firm date when the gold would be returned to its rightful
owner, owners would have to realize that in the nation’s interests,
government most likely would require access to the gold for much longer
than agreed. After all, in the U.S. the return of confiscated gold took
41 years.
It
may be that the Indian government does manage to handle the crisis
without resorting to gold confiscation, but they would be wise to be in a
position to do so if they can’t overcome the foreign exchange hurdles.
Hence plans “to Save Gold”!
What
alternative does government have? It has already begun to impose
Capital Controls and gold import controls, so as the situation worsens
these controls and the likelihood of gold confiscation increases.
Foretaste of the Future?
We
are watching a classic case of the breakdown of a currency and the
steps needed to hold onto international credibility of a currency.
Will
it happen to other currencies? We have written extensively on the
coming arrival of the Chinese Yuan on the international scene. Expect a
large widening of the convertibility of the Yuan towards the end of this
year.
The
Chinese are fully aware of the impact on the global monetary system of
this change. They are fully aware that this will break up USD hegemony
and bring on a multi-currency system for all. That’s why they are buying
gold and encouraging their citizens to do so too. We believe that they
too see the necessity for a pivotal role for gold in the new regime and have planned for it.
The fact that there will not be a cohesive system thereafter, calls for gold to have such a role.
We
are also sure that the world will not be able to ignore such a role for
gold thereafter. Most nations including in the developed world will
move to accommodate gold in the future global monetary system for the
sake of the international credibility of their own currencies. This will
include the present reserve currencies of the world. Central banks
across the world will be making contingency plans for such an
eventuality for sure.